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AbstractTickler-chain SumWing and electrode-fitted PulseWing trawls were compared to assess seabed impacts. Multi-beam echo sounder (MBES) bathymetry confirmed that the SumWing trawl tracks were consistently and uniformly deepened to 1.5 cm depth in contrast to 0.7 cm following PulseWing trawling. MBES backscatter strength analysis showed that SumWing trawls (3.11 dB) flattened seabed roughness significantly more than PulseWing trawls (2.37 dB). Sediment Profile Imagery (SPI) showed that SumWing trawls (mean, SD) homogenised the sediment deeper (3.4 cm, 0.9 cm) and removed more of the oxidised layer than PulseWing trawls (1 cm, 0.8 cm). The reduced PulseWing trawling impacts allowed a faster re-establishment of the oxidised layer and micro-topography. Particle size analysis suggested that SumWing trawls injected finer particles into the deeper sediment layers (∼4 cm depth), while PulseWing trawling only caused coarsening of the top layers (winnowing effect). Total penetration depth (mean, SD) of the SumWing trawls (4.1 cm, 0.9 cm) and PulseWing trawls (1.8 cm, 0.8 cm) was estimated by the depth of the disturbance layer and the layer of mobilized sediment (SumWing = 0.7 cm; PulseWing trawl = 0.8 cm).

PulseWing trawls reduced most of the mechanical seabed impacts compared to SumWing trawls for this substrate and area characteristics. IntroductionDemersal otter trawls and beam trawls are the most widely used fishing gears to catch bottom dwelling fish, crustaceans, and bivalves (; ) and are the most widespread source of physical disturbance to marine habitats (;; ). The development and implementation of ecosystem-based management strategies increasingly require assessments of bottom trawling impacts on the seabed. Risk-based assessments are an appropriate tool for this purpose. These and others are being developed for the implementation of the European Marine Strategy Framework Directive, Descriptor 6 “Sea-floor integrity” (; ).The risk of a significant adverse impact on the sea-floor (seabed) depends on (i) the likelihood of exposure and (ii) sensitivity of the seabed to fishing activities. The likelihood of exposure relates to the overlap of distribution of habitat types and fishing effort , while “sensitivity” depends on the ability to withstand fishing pressure and recover from the damage imposed (; ).

Quantifying impact is difficult but approaches are emerging that express impact as a function of mortality and the recovery rate. Mortality is defined as the proportion of seabed biota killed by a single trawl pass. Mortality is very difficult to estimate due to the high spatial variability of benthic organisms (;;;; ).

Measuring the trawling penetration depth is likely to be a cost-effective alternative to estimate the direct mortality imposed by bottom trawling, and allows benthic impacts across fishing gears to be compared (;;; ). These novel insights set the baseline for assessing trawling impact, but require more detail at the level of different gear types to enable implementation in fisheries management. Different demersal gear types are designed to have different levels of seabed contact or penetration, depending on the target species, their catching stimulus and seabed type. These factors contribute to different penetration depths, but have until now only been assessed for generic gear designs (; ).

Different gear configurations and the quantification of their potential benefits for mitigation of seabed impacts, cannot be ignored any longer and were identified as one of the top 10 knowledge priorities for managing seabed impact.The flatfish-directed trawler fleet in the North Sea has evolved over the last decade and used different gear configurations. Conventional tickler-chain trawls tow a number of chains over the seabed to chase flatfish out of the seabed. The net is opened horizontally by a steel bar (the beam) supported by two trawl shoes at each end to maintain the beam at a constant height above the seabed and maintain the vertical opening of the net. In pulse trawls, the tickler chains are replaced by electrodes that induce a cramp response that bends the fish into a U-shape, thus allowing them to be scooped up by the ground gear (; ). The pulse trawls are towed at a lower speed, and may catch sole more selectively and reduce discards of benthos.

The beam and the two trawl shoes of the conventional tickler-chain trawl and the pulse trawl may be replaced by a wing-shaped foil with a “nose” in the centre. This wing-shaped foil was designed to reduce drag in the water and on the seabed. A tickler-chain trawl using a foil is called a “SumWing” trawl, while a trawl using the foil in combination with electric pulses is called a “PulseWing” trawl. In 2010, 30% of the Dutch flatfish-directed trawler effort was represented by beam trawls using the SumWing with tickler chains, 8% using electric pulses and 62% using the conventional beam trawl. In 2016, 12% of the effort came from SumWing trawls, 83% came from pulse trawls, while only 5% was exerted by conventional beam trawls (last accessed 7 May 2018). In 2016, 19% of the pulse trawls used a steel bar with shoes as opposed to the wing-shaped foil (PulseWing trawl) to open the net.In this study, we examined differences in seabed impacts between two gear configurations used to target flatfish Dover sole ( Solea solea) in particular. We compared the mechanical impact on the seabed of a SumWing trawl with a PulseWing trawl, with a particular focus on the comparison of penetration depths.

The penetration depth of a trawl is difficult to quantify. The passage of a trawl disturbs the top layer of the sediment, which can (i) remain in the same location, (ii) be compressed or compacted, (iii) be laterally displaced (; ), or (iv) be mobilized and carried away from the area to a distance dependent on the particle size and bottom currents (; ). Sediment reworking, mobilization and transport leads to sediment erosion (;; ), altered seabed morphology (;; ), and changes in the lithological and geochemical characteristics of the seabed (;; ). We carried out a field experiment using complementary sampling approaches to improve our understanding of the acute changes to the seabed by two commercial trawl types in the North Sea. Material and methods Background to this studyIn we compared the seabed impact of bottom trawls using tickler chains vs. Electric pulses to catch flatfish in the North Sea.

This study elaborates on the previous findings in 2 main ways. First, focused on one branch of the flatfish-directed trawler fleet, i.e.

“euro-cutter” vessels with engine power below 300 HP (≤221 kW), and access to coastal waters between 3 and 12 nautical miles, including the Plaice Box (;; ). This study focused on the other branch, the large trawler fleet with engine power 300 HP, operating in offshore waters with heavier and larger trawls. The main differences in gear parameters and location characteristics of two fleets are reflected in both case studies (; ).

Site.Time interval.Description of time intervals.Time lapse (h).Backscatter values (dB).Statistical differences at.Mean.SD.Lower CI.Upper CI.p. Site.Time interval.Description of time intervals.Time lapse (h).Backscatter values (dB).Statistical differences at.Mean.SD.Lower CI.Upper CI.p. Site.Time interval.Description of time intervals.Time lapse (h).Backscatter values (dB).Statistical differences at.Mean.SD.Lower CI.Upper CI.p. Site.Time interval.Description of time intervals.Time lapse (h).Backscatter values (dB).Statistical differences at.Mean.SD.Lower CI.Upper CI.p. SD, standard deviation; CI, 95% confidence interval.The other differences, despite the analogous modelling approaches in both case studies, were experimental design, sampling equipment, and studied parameters differed ( ). Focused on bathymetrical changes using the multi-beam echo sounder (MBES), but could not directly compare the effects of tickler-chain and pulse trawling due to differences in trawling intensities at the experimental sites. In that study, we measured sediment mobilization in situ using the LISST-100X, which was not deployed in this study.

In this study, we used MBES bathymetry data to directly compare one passage of a SumWing trawl vs. A PulseWing trawl. We additionally analysed the MBES backscatter data and collected ground truthing data. Sediment samples were collected using a box corer and were analysed to quantify the changes in sediment sorting. The depth of disturbance and biogeochemical changes to cross-sections of the seabed were estimated using Sediment Profile Imagery (SPI) after trawling at the same intensities (;,).

Study areaThe study area was located between 29 and 33 m depth in the south-western part of the Frisian Front (southern North Sea, between 53.56°N and 4.2664–4.2999°E). The Frisian Front is a transitional zone in the southern North Sea, located between the shallow, sandy Southern Bight and the deeper, muddy Oyster Grounds. The seabed in this area consists of fine sand with median grain sizes in the range of 154–163 μm and silt fractions between 12 and 17% (; see “Particle size distributions and depth of sediment reworking” section). Fine sediment particles settle in this area because tidal currents drop below the critical water velocity (; ). Deposition consists of particulate matter that is transported through the East Anglian turbidity plume and from locally produced phytodetritus and results in a sediment with elevated concentrations of silt, organic carbon, and phytopigments. The study area was located in the southwestern part of the Frisian Front. Experimental sites were designated for PulseWing trawling (north), SumWing trawling (south), and control (no trawling).

Each experimental site was sampled before and after trawling using a multi-beam echo sounder (total area), a box corer (circles; N = 5), and a sediment profile imager (crosses; N = 20). Fishing gearThe impact of a 12 m SumWing trawl and of a 12 m PulseWing trawl was studied. The SumWing trawls were deployed from the FV “Helena Elisabeth” (TX 29) and the PulseWing trawls from the FV “Biem van der Vis” (TX43). Both fishing vessels had a length overall (LOA) of ∼40 m and a main engine power of approximately 1 500 kW. The vessels deployed a pair of 12 m wide trawls from the outrigger booms, which are kept open by a wing-shaped foil with a “nose” in the centre instead of the conventional cylindrical beam with two trawl shoes ( ). The dimensions of the wing-shaped foils did not differ.The main differences between the gears were related to the stimuli to catch the fish (tickler chains vs. Electrodes), the geometry of the net opening of the trawl, the ground gears and the nets used ( and ).

Both trawls had a cod-end with 80 mm stretched diamond-shaped mesh opening as used in the commercial sole fishery (; ), but the SumWing trawl net used during the experiment was lighter than most trawl nets used in the fleet (M. Drijver, skipper of TX29, pers. The catching process of the SumWing trawl was based on mechanical disturbance by the tickler chains, which are rigged in the V-shaped net opening, perpendicular to the towing direction.

The SumWing trawls were towed at speeds of ∼6 kn with a scope ratio of 3 (ratio of warp length to water depth). The total gear weighted nearly 3.1 t in air or 1.6 t in water.

Eight tickler chains with a chain link diameter of between 18 and 24 mm and a total length between 18.6 and 26 m were attached to the wing. In addition, 9 tickler chains were attached to the middle part of the ground gear. Their length varied between 6 and 14 m, with a chain link diameter was between 13 and 16 mm. Three shorter tickler chains (4.5–5 m) with a diameter of 16 mm were attached to the aft part of the ground gear. The ground gear consisted of a 37 m long chain with rubber discs with a diameter between 18 and 28 cm covering the chain over a 7.8 m centre section. The electrodes of the PulseWing trawl were rigged in a longitudinal direction into the square-shaped mouth opening of the trawl net. The PulseWing trawls were towed at fishing speeds of ∼5 kn with a scope ratio of 3.

The total gear weighted 2.8 t in air or 1.4 t in water. A total of 27 electrode modules were attached to the wing-shaped foil and the ground gear. The commercial electrodes ( HFK Engineering) have a diameter of 3.3 cm and produce a 60 Hz pulsed bipolar current at 45–50 V with a 0.36 µ s pulse duration (; ). A disc-protected rope (of diameter 8–10 cm) is rigged alongside each electrode to withstand the tension from towing the gear over the seabed (hereafter called “tension relief cords”). The mouth of the PulseWing trawl had a square-shaped opening, resulting from two disc-protected chains that were running parallel to the towing direction at the sides of the mouth opening and from two ground ropes, that are both running perpendicular to the towing direction and rigged just in front of the trawl net mouth opening ( and ). The tension relief cords were attached to the first rubber disc ground gear (diameter = 12 cm), while the net was attached to the second rubber disc ground gear (diameter = 20 cm) ( ).

Gear components of the SumWing trawl (upper panel) and PulseWing trawl (lower panel). Tickler chains with a chain link diameter between 18 and 24 mm are attached to the SumWing, whereas the tickler chains (13–16 mm) are attached to the ground gear.

The electrode modules consist of tension relief cords (dashed line, d = 8–10 cm) and an electrode (dashed-dotted line, d = 3.3cm) ( ). Tension relief cords are attached to the first ground rope, while electrodes are attached to the second ground rope to prevent damage. N indicates the number of tickler chains or electrode modules. Gear components of the SumWing trawl (upper panel) and PulseWing trawl (lower panel). Tickler chains with a chain link diameter between 18 and 24 mm are attached to the SumWing, whereas the tickler chains (13–16 mm) are attached to the ground gear. The electrode modules consist of tension relief cords (dashed line, d = 8–10 cm) and an electrode (dashed-dotted line, d = 3.3cm) ( ).

Tension relief cords are attached to the first ground rope, while electrodes are attached to the second ground rope to prevent damage. N indicates the number of tickler chains or electrode modules. Experimental fishing and experimental sitesAcute fishing disturbance by each trawl type was evaluated in a controlled experimental design. We chose 3 sites of 200 × 2 800 m (0.56 km 2) each, located 250 m apart. The PulseWing trawl was fishing in the northern site and the SumWing trawl in the southern site. No fishing took place in the central site, which was used as a control.

Samples were taken from this site to measure the influence of factors other than fishing such as waves and currents. The experimental sites were located on a gentle slope with median grain sizes of 154, 162, and 169 μm in the PulseWing, control and SumWing trawl sites, respectively. Most particle sizes (down to 10 cm depth) classified as fine sand (125–250 μm): 59% in the PulseWing site, 63% in the control and 70% in the SumWing site, with a respective silt fraction of 17, 13, and 12%. The fine sand fraction in the top layers was similar to the deeper layers, with a slight decrease (5%) in the SumWing site. The mean silt fraction was lower in the top layers than in the deeper layers but its relationship with depth differed between sites. Multibeam echo sounder (full line arrows), Sediment Profile Imagery (dashed arrows), and box corer (dotted arrows) measurements took place before fishing (grey rectangle) and at various times T after fishing with the SumWing trawl (dark grey arrows) or the PulseWing trawl (black arrows). Light grey arrows indicate sampling in the control site where no fishing took place.

Mean (± SD) wind speed (dashed line) and significant wave height (dotted line) indicate a gentle breeze (4.9 ± 2.0 m/s; 16.0 ± 12.0 m) with excellent sampling conditions, particularly after fishing. Multibeam echo sounder (full line arrows), Sediment Profile Imagery (dashed arrows), and box corer (dotted arrows) measurements took place before fishing (grey rectangle) and at various times T after fishing with the SumWing trawl (dark grey arrows) or the PulseWing trawl (black arrows). Light grey arrows indicate sampling in the control site where no fishing took place. Mean (± SD) wind speed (dashed line) and significant wave height (dotted line) indicate a gentle breeze (4.9 ± 2.0 m/s; 16.0 ± 12.0 m) with excellent sampling conditions, particularly after fishing.Six hauls of varying haul duration took place on 10 June 2014 (PulseWing trawl between 8:50 and 15:00; SumWing trawl between 9:26 and 14:24). Fishing operations were carried out as similarly as possible, resulting in 13 passages along the length of each site that represented an equal swept area of 0.872 km 2 and a fishing intensity of 156% (= 0.872/0.56 km 2) for each gear in their respective experimental site. Observations from the Research Vessel (RV) during the entire experimental period (9–12 June 2014) ensured that no fishing had taken place in the experimental sites other than experimental trawling.

Previous trawling disturbances in the experimental sites were limited, as evaluated from prior inspection using the multi-beam echo sounder. Historic disturbance by bottom-contacting gears in the area was also low, varying between once every 10 years to once every 2 years (;,). Data collection methodsThe effects on the seabed were measured using three observation techniques: (i) the multi-beam echo sounder (MBES) for assessing changes in the sedimentary interface using both bathymetrical and backscatter strength data, (ii) Sediment Profile Imagery (SPI) for identifying geochemical changes, and (iii) box corer sampling for particle size analysis.

These measurements were collected in all experimental sites before and after fishing during mild weather conditions (significant wave heights 25 measurements inside the track and 40 outside the track. The bathymetric profile of each cross-section was corrected for its slope using ordinary least squares regression. The slope-corrected depth measurements inside and outside the track were then compared to a non-parametric Friedman rank sum test following a single factor (water depth) within subject (cross-section) design. Statistical differences between water depths inside and outside the trawl tracks were tested for the SumWing and PulseWing trawls at T0 and T1. The deepening of the trawl track was then assessed by subtracting the cumulative depth distribution after fishing from the cumulative depth distribution before fishing.

In other words, we first tested whether trawling was conducted on a “flat” surface, i.e. The locations to be trawled were not positioned shallower or deeper than their surroundings. We then assumed that any differences in water depths found in the trawl track locations at T1 were due to the passage of the trawl. Seabed backscatter strengthA BS mosaic of 0.5 by 0.5 m resolution was computed for each MBES line.

An angular compensation was applied using the mean BS level—incident angle curves computed independently for each line. Only BS values derived from oblique incident angle, inside the angular interval of 30–50°, have been considered. The resulting BS mosaics (by line compensated) were merged by experimental site (PulseWing trawl, control, and SumWing trawl) and time interval (T0, T2, T3, and T4). BS values from these mosaics were randomly sampled without replacement to increase computational efficiency in further analysis and eliminated as outliers (1.3% of the data) when outside 1.5 times the interquartile (25–75%) range (1.3% of the data). This procedure yielded a dataset of 1 700 backscatter values per site and time interval. A linear model was applied to the backscatter values with site, time interval and their interaction as fixed effects. Visual inspection of the histogram and QQ-plot indicated normality of the residuals and a plot of the residuals vs.

Fitted values confirmed homogeneity of the variances, which allowed ANOVA type III analysis of the model. Significant factors ( p 2. The relationship with depth was first evaluated between experimental sites before fishing (T0) and between experimental sites without fishing disturbance (T0 of each site and T1 of the control site). The different relationships of the silt fraction with depth for each experimental site and time step were then compared to the experimental sites after trawling (T1).

Numerical modelling of penetration depthThree-dimensional numerical modelling based on the finite element method ABAQUS with Explicit solution was used to simulate interaction processes between the trawls and the seabed (,). The trawl–seabed interactions were implemented using the Coupled Eulerian Lagrangian (CEL) method with Eulerian mesh based on the volume of fluid method. The flow of the material through the mesh was tracked by computing its Eulerian volume fraction (EVF). The value of EVF represents the portion of material filled; EVF = 1 indicates that the element is completely filled with the material and EVF= 0 indicates the element is devoid of the material.

The seabed was modelled as elastoplastic, obeying the cap Mohr–Coulomb model criterion, having the following parameters: specific weight of 19.5 kN m −3, Young’s modulus of 10 MPa, Poisson’s ratio of 0.3, cohesion intercept of 0.01 kPa, angle of internal friction, ϕ = 32° and a dilatation angle of 1°. The triaxial test, the shear box test and the one-dimensional compaction test were performed in the laboratory to obtain these parameters. A penalty friction formulation based on Coulomb friction law was used as contact property representing the frictional behaviour between contacting bodies. The interaction of the trawls and the seabed was modelled from a reference configuration represented by a cuboid, consisting of two regions: the initial seabed material and a void region. Both regions were discretized using eight-node linear multi-material Eulerian bricks with reduced integration and hourglass control. The trawls were modelled as elastic bodies specified by elastic constants leading to large elastic stiffness. The Lagrangian (trawl) elements were discretized using four-node quadrilaterals.

Their mass and rotary inertia was specified at the centre, and they were given a linear velocity in the x-direction, ramping smoothly from zero velocity to a constant value in the next step. In a simulation, the void region was initially empty but filled up with the Lagrangian (trawl) elements and material flowing into the mesh within the Eulerian domain once the passage of a trawl element is simulated.

The simulations ran sufficiently long to reach quasi-static condition and were conducted for the nose of the wing-shaped foil of the SumWing and the PulseWing trawl, one single electrode and one single tickler chain with chain link diameter of 24 mm. Modelling of sediment mobilizationThe approach of was applied to estimate the quantity of sediment mobilized in the wake of a gear component. Their model estimates the amount of sediment mobilized immediately behind a towed gear component in terms of the hydrodynamic drag of the gear component and the silt fraction of the sediment.

It does not predict the fate of the sediment and whether it falls in the track of the component (as is likely for the larger particles) or whether it goes into suspension and is diffused or transported away by ambient currents (as is likely the case for the smaller particle sizes). In we applied our model to a 4 m beam trawl and found a good agreement between the model predictions and field measurements.Here, we have applied a similar methodology to measure the amount of sediment mobilized by each of the trawls of our experiments.

We calculated the drag of the noses of the wing-shaped foil, the electrodes and the ground gear from experiments on similar shaped objects (; ), the drag of the chains from the numerical estimates of, and the drag of the netting panels in the lower half of the trawl from the empirical model of. The silt fraction at each experimental site was estimated from the upper 2 cm sediment layer of the box corer samples taken at T0. Results Seabed bathymetryThere was no difference at T0 between the water depths inside and outside the trawl tracks at either site SumWing trawling location: χ 2(df = 1)=3.6, p = 0.06; PulseWing trawling location: χ 2(df = 1)=0.08, p = 0.78. After trawling (T1), the mean ( SD) track depths were significantly deeper and were 15.1 (0.9) and 9.1 (1.6) mm for the SumWing and PulseWing trawls, respectively SumWing trawling location: χ 2(df = 1)=93.63, p. Relative depth of the trawled track (cm) before and after trawling (left and middle panels) and its deepening (right panel). The relative depth of the trawled track was calculated from the differences in water depths inside and outside the trawled track. These relative depths were calculated after trawling (T1, solid lines) and also before trawling (T0, dashed lines) using the locations of the trawled track from T1.

Negative relative depths indicate that the trawled track was higher than its surroundings. The deepening of the trawled tracks was based on the comparison of the relative depths in the trawled track before (T0, dashed) and after (T1, solid) SumWing trawling (black lines) and PulseWing trawling (grey lines). Deepening is illustrated by the shaded areas. Please note that deepening differs from penetration depth. Relative depth of the trawled track (cm) before and after trawling (left and middle panels) and its deepening (right panel).

The relative depth of the trawled track was calculated from the differences in water depths inside and outside the trawled track. These relative depths were calculated after trawling (T1, solid lines) and also before trawling (T0, dashed lines) using the locations of the trawled track from T1. Negative relative depths indicate that the trawled track was higher than its surroundings. The deepening of the trawled tracks was based on the comparison of the relative depths in the trawled track before (T0, dashed) and after (T1, solid) SumWing trawling (black lines) and PulseWing trawling (grey lines).

Deepening is illustrated by the shaded areas. Please note that deepening differs from penetration depth. Seabed backscatter strengthSeabed BS was statistically different across the experimental sites and time intervals ( F 6, 22 031=126.7, p. Absorption of sound (acoustic measurement, i.e.

Backscatter values in dB) of three experimental sites (PulseWing trawl, SumWing trawl, and control: no fishing) at various time intervals before and after trawling (; ). Letters denote statistical differences ( p.

Parameter of seabed impact.Assessment technique.SumWing trawl.PulseWing trawl.Deepening of seabed bathymetryMBES1.5 (0.9)0.9 (1.6)Depth of disturbanceSPI3.4 (0.9)1.0 (0.8)Depth of sediment reworkingBox corer samples. Parameter of seabed impact.Assessment technique.SumWing trawl.PulseWing trawl.Deepening of seabed bathymetryMBES1.5 (0.9)0.9 (1.6)Depth of disturbanceSPI3.4 (0.9)1.0 (0.8)Depth of sediment reworkingBox corer samples. Parameter of seabed impact.Assessment technique.SumWing trawl.PulseWing trawl.Deepening of seabed bathymetryMBES1.5 (0.9)0.9 (1.6)Depth of disturbanceSPI3.4 (0.9)1.0 (0.8)Depth of sediment reworkingBox corer samples. Parameter of seabed impact.Assessment technique.SumWing trawl.PulseWing trawl.Deepening of seabed bathymetryMBES1.5 (0.9)0.9 (1.6)Depth of disturbanceSPI3.4 (0.9)1.0 (0.8)Depth of sediment reworkingBox corer samples. Depth of disturbance following SumWing trawling is deeper than following PulseWing trawling based on the assessment of the SPI images.Depending on the trawl penetration, a remnant of the brown oxidized layer sometimes remained visible below this homogenized layer. Over time (1–2 days) the brown colour of these particles faded to grey. Also over time the homogenized layer consolidated and the oxic part of the sediment was set up again (within hours of the T2 and T3 images) and the redox clines and biological mixing were likely to be re-established.

This is shown in the appearance of the iron oxidized surface layers and smoothing of the homogenized layer boundaries in T2 and T3. The oxidized layer in T0 was significantly different following SumWing trawling in T1, T2, and T3 ( F 3, 251 = 33.7, p. Particle size distributions at the top 1 cm of the seabed (upper row) and between 1 and 4 cm depth (lower row) before (T0, dashed line) and after (T1, solid line) experimental fishing in the control, SumWing trawl, and PulseWing trawl site. Depth categories were based on the mean depth of disturbance after SumWing and PulsWing trawling (; ).The modelling exercises of 2 primary sediment fractions showed similar patterns of depth of sediment reworking. SumWing and PulseWing trawling decreased the silt fraction in the top layers, but in contrast to PulseWing trawling, the SumWing trawl also caused an increase in the mean silt fraction in the deeper layers (T1 in, upper rows). Similar trends were reflected in the fine sand fraction.

Both PulseWing and SumWing trawling increased the fine sand fraction in the top layer, but only SumWing trawling caused a decrease in fine sand in the deeper layers ( ). Predicted mean (upper panels) and SD (lower panels) of the silt fraction (expressed as a percentage) in function of depth of sampling in the seabed in (a) control, (b) SumWing, and (c) PulseWing trawl sites before and after fishing (T0, T1), based on Generalized Additive Models. Grey shaded areas delineate 95% confidence intervals.The depth to which both trawling methods affected the seabed was also reflected in the variability of the particle sizes before and after trawling. The variability of the silt and fine sand fraction was low in the control site before and after trawling ( and ).

The variability in silt and fine sand fractions before fishing was higher in the experimentally fished sites (T0), and was increased by trawling (T1). SumWing trawling increased the variability to a lesser degree (silt fraction: threefold, fine sand fraction: twofold), but its effect also occurred in deeper sediment layers (.

Deformation of the seabed through penetration of the nose of the wing-shaped foil used by the SumWing and the PulseWing trawl. Deformation was measured as the EVF, which tracks the flow of material through the Eulerian mesh. The value of EVF represents the portion of material filled; EVF = 1 indicates that the element is completely filled with the material and EVF = 0 indicates the element is devoid of the material.

The wing-shaped foil can move through the Eulerian mesh without any resistance if its volume fraction is zero. Deformation of the seabed through penetration of the nose of the wing-shaped foil used by the SumWing and the PulseWing trawl.

Deformation was measured as the EVF, which tracks the flow of material through the Eulerian mesh. Colorveil alternative. The value of EVF represents the portion of material filled; EVF = 1 indicates that the element is completely filled with the material and EVF = 0 indicates the element is devoid of the material. The wing-shaped foil can move through the Eulerian mesh without any resistance if its volume fraction is zero. Modelled penetration depth (cm) of the nose of the wing-shaped foil as function of their respective weights in water.

Penetration of the nose was 2.3 cm for the SumWing trawl, and 1.9 cm for the PulseWing trawl. Modelled sediment mobilizationThe amount of silt mobilized is estimated at 10.6 kg m 2 and 13.1 kg m 2 for SumWing trawl and PulseWing trawl, respectively. This corresponds to a mobilized sediment layer of 6.6 and 8.2 mm, respectively (assuming a porosity of 0.4). This difference is caused by the different silt fractions of the study sites. The hydrodynamic drag of both gears is very similar although the contribution of the different gear components differs.

Even though the SumWing trawl is towed at a higher speed (6 kn vs. 5), the hydrodynamic drag of the lower netting panels is less than that of the PulseWing trawl. This is a result of the single twine used in the SumWing trawl and the higher number of panels fitted in the belly section of the PulseWing trawl ( ). The hydrodynamic drag of the SumWing gear (ground gear and tickler chains) is greater than that of the PulseWing trawl gear (ground gear and electrodes). The differences between the drag of the 2 types of noses of the wing-shaped foil may be directly attributed to their different towing speeds. Total penetration depthThe total penetration depth of the gears is given by the sum of the erosion due to sediment mobilization (see “Modelled sediment mobilization” section, ) and the mean depth of disturbance (see “Oxidized layer and depth of disturbance” section). Total penetration depth was estimated at 4.1 cm ( SD= 0.9 cm) and 1.8 cm ( SD= 0.8 cm) for the SumWing and the PulseWing trawl, respectively.

The variability ( SD) in penetration depth is similar (see also penetration profiles in ), but occurs at different disturbance depths in the seabed. DiscussionOur study has shown that the use of PulseWing trawls instead of SumWing trawls reduced most of the observed mechanical trawling impacts on the seabed for this substrate and area characteristics. The mobilization of sediment into the water column was comparable between both gears due to lighter trawl nets used in SumWing trawls, but penetration of the seabed by the PulseWing trawl was reduced by more than 50% in comparison to the SumWing trawl. Both trawling types caused tracks and homogenized the seabed topography without full recovery within 48 h, but seabed impacts of SumWing trawling were consistently higher than those of PulseWing trawling.

The SumWing trawl penetrated into the deeper layers (subsurface layer; 2 cm) and thereby consistently flattened the surface boundary and consistently deepened the seabed along the trawled track. The seabed penetration by the PulseWing trawl varied between skimming off the top mm and penetrating into the subsurface layers, which resulted in a reduced impact on surface boundary roughness and a reduced and highly variable deepening of the seabed. Pulse trawling allowed recovery of the oxidized layer within 48 h, while this recovery was not observed within 48 h after SumWing trawling. The lower impact of the pulse trawl is mainly due to the use of electrodes instead of tickler chains. The observed reduction in penetration depth applies to the sediment characteristics of our study area; it may be less in coarser sediments and more in finer sediments.

Our results corroborate an earlier study carried out in shallow fine sand habitat in the coastal zone of the southern North Sea , where the modelled penetration depths and resultant trawl tracks by euro-cutter vessels were slightly shallower (see ). Activation code for mac. Further work comparing the mechanical, electrical, chemical, and biological effects of gears on varying substrates, habitats, and hydrographic conditions and associated effects on seabed status and functions will build a more integrated view of gear effects on the seabed overall. Sediment mobilizationThe sediment mobilization model predicts that the SumWing trawl mobilized about 1.6 mm less sediment into the water column than the pulse trawl. These results were supported by analysis of particle sizes in the top layers of the seabed, where a loss of fine particles was lower following SumWing vs. PulseWing trawling (2.2% in the top 2 cm layer after passage of the SumWing as opposed to 2.8% following PulseWing trawling). The limited differences in sediment mobilization can be attributed to the higher median grain size and lower silt content in the SumWing site than in the PulseWing site and to the use of different netting material and twine thickness.

The reduced sediment mobilization of the SumWing trawl net was compensated by the higher hydrodynamic drag and sediment mobilization resulting from the ground gear assemblage and the tickler chains. Found no differences in sediment mobilization between tickler-chain and PulseWing trawling.

While sediment mobilization was comparable for trawls using tickler chains or pulse electrodes in both case studies, these results should not be directly extrapolated to the tickler-chain or pulse trawler fleet without prior knowledge of gear and operational characteristics of the fleet, such as twine thickness and towing speed.Sediment mobilization also occurs naturally in the Frisian Front. A drop in current velocities below a critical level along the slope of the Frisian Front causes deposition of silt and clay particles and creates a muddy area located to the northeast of the experimental sites. The tidal ellipses in the Frisian Front area are mostly oriented along a W to E–NE line with a maximum velocity.

Here's the short version: Back when he was Bird-dogger in Chief, John F. Kennedy spotted a future conquest on the arm of some Swedish diplomat or general during a White House function. Determined to grant the curvaceous young thing a personal tour of the Oval Office, JFK had her tailed by a lackey, who later reported that he had followed the dame right to the digs of the archconservative senator from Arizona, Barry M. Goldwater.It's said that Kennedy later ribbed Goldwater about the matter, a little peeved perhaps that this yahoo from Phoenix had topped the king of Camelot at his own skirt-chasing shenanigans.

Goldwater, for his part, never denied or admitted to the liaison, answering JFK's charge with only a wide smile. 'You mean you want to know if Goldwater liked pussy?' He replies, chuckling. 'Well, there's nothing wrong with that, now, is there?'

The ruggedly handsome Goldwater was married to wife Peggy from 1934 until she died in 1985. She was the mother of his four children, Joanne, Barry Jr., Michael, and Peggy. And, legend or no, the very idea that the senator might have had a sexual life beyond the matronly Margaret 'Peggy' Goldwater is anathema to granddaughter C.C. Goldwater, whose acclaimed biodoc Mr. Conservative: Goldwater on Goldwater continues on HBO until the end of this month. Produced and narrated the effort, which portrays her grandfather as a crusty but lovable gentleman-politician who had no libido past fathering C.C.'

S mom, Joanne, and Joanne's brothers and sister. Sure, her grandpa ('Paka,' she called him) had gal pals, but would he have bedded one of them? He never cheated on his wife,' insists C.C.

'My grandmother was part of everything he did; she was a major part of his life, and he loved her until the day she died. Had it not been for her death, he would have been married to her forever.' Almost in the same breath, C.C. Concedes that her grandfather was adored by women.

'He had that kind of charisma that JFK had, and Bill Clinton has,' says C.C., seemingly oblivious to the implications of her own analogies. 'He was dynamic. He'd walk into a room and suck the air out of it. He was just that kind of person. Women fawned over him, because he was a handsome guy. And he knew it, and he was self-confident about it.'

The senator would've had to be a saint not to have taken advantage of his winning combination of Alpha-male traits: athletic good looks, wealth, power and charm. He also had that Western swagger, the kind men admired and women fell for.

Think William Holden in The Wild Bunch or Goldwater pal John Wayne in The Sons of Katie Elder. He did and said whatever the hell he wanted.Platinum sex goddess Mamie Van Doren, who slept with rounders like Johnny Carson and Joe Namath in her heyday, was an admirer. The busty bombshell, star of such B-movie celluloid classics as High School Confidential and Sex Kittens Go to College, was ensconced in an apartment at Newport Beach's Balboa Bay Club, the exclusive Republican enclave where Goldwater kept a 54-foot Hatteras yacht docked for many years (the Bay Club being where the Goldwaters waited out the scorching Arizona summers). In the '70s, Van Doren's balcony looked out onto docks where the senator would be working shirtless on his boat.' He was out there with his suntan and his silver-white hair,' says Van Doren, who still looks amazing, even at her advanced age.

'I would check him out as he struggled to get his boat back in after being out for a while. He was pretty hot.' Van Doren heard rumors that Goldwater liked a little side action to his wedded bliss, but she never got the chance to find out.' I missed on that one, didn't I?' 'Don't think I didn't think about it.

I was just working too hard at the time. He had kind of a cockeyed smile, piercing eyes, and a quick wit that I liked. Yeah, he was a silver fox.'

Barry Goldwater was also six feet tall, drove snazzy black sports cars and regularly made international lists of best-dressed men. He was just as cool as any Kennedy, and is far more interesting than his granddaughter's hazy-filtered, family-friendly portrait.In C.C.'

S 90-minute Hallmark card, Goldwater is salt-of-the-earth instead of salty. A man who tinkered with his ham radio in his spare time and gave the grandkids a miniature donkey they named Sweet Pea.

He loved the Indians — and respected gay people. He supported a woman's right to choose, and had a kind word when his eldest daughter Joanne had an inconvenient embryonic tenant removed from her womb before marriage. Though the media portrayed him as a coldhearted, nuke-friendly reactionary in the '60s, 'Paka' would never blow up the world. He was a nice man.Such sentiments are perhaps inevitable considering the source, an adoring granddaughter whose commentary and appearances on screen constitute some of the documentary's most cloying moments. Then there's the lament of the Goldwater kids, particularly Barry Jr.

S mother, Joanne, that the senator didn't show his love, didn't spend enough time with them. Their complaints seem out of place, like some weird form of therapy that you wish they'd do on their own behind closed doors. Instead, we get Barry Jr. And Joanne still tearfully seeking approval from their dead dad, wishing he had hugged them more. What these Kleenex moments don't tell you is the degree to which their demands upon their father were financial while he was alive.

No matter how much money the senator sent them — $10,000 here, $20,000 there — it seemed never enough. The drama and squabbling plays out in the Goldwater letters on file at the Arizona Historical Foundation at Arizona State University like some prime-time soap opera from the '80s, say, Dynasty or Falcon Crest, with Goldwater playing paterfamilias.Lost in C.C.'

S sometimes weepy, sometimes saccharine hagiography is the swashbuckling maverick and unapologetic original. The man who could drink bourbon by the bucketful and still rise before dawn so his desk would be clear by noon. The radical who admitted to having tried pot, and kept an anarchist hippie as his speech writer. The practical joker.

The entertainer and celebrity, who enjoyed horsing around on TV with Dinah Shore, Carson and Dean Martin. A gent sans social boundaries, who saw nothing wrong with having organized crime figures as pals, and who could pass through phalanxes of Black Panthers with aplomb. A crackpot who believed in UFOs, thought there was something to the Roswell incident, and could rave about the evils of the Trilateral Commission like a first-rate conspiracy loon. Goldwater uncut is a hell of a lot more fascinating than the sanitized version C.C. Feeds us via HBO. The senator partied with the likes of Sammy Davis Jr., Gregory Peck and Fess Parker.

He used to hang out with John Wayne aboard the latter's yacht, a former minesweeper called The Wild Goose. He defended his red-baiter bud Joe McCarthy until his death, and read a heartfelt eulogy to the commie-hunter on the Senate floor. Decades before the concept of political correctness was hatched, he belonged to Prescott's now-defunct Smoki People, a bunch of crackers who painted their skin, dressed up in Native American garb and performed snake dances for other Caucasians. On the side of his left hand, Goldwater was tattooed with a Smoki symbol honoring his participation and his status as an honorary Smoki chief.To C.C.' S credit, she makes it clear that Goldwater wasn't a racist, though he opposed some elements of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, ultimately voting against it.

And she and director Julie Anderson do deftly expose Goldwater's contempt for the religious right, and his later, libertarian attitudes toward gay rights and abortion. (In 1980, he expressed support for the Human Life Amendment, which would have banned abortions, but later adopted a decidedly pro-choice position.) But they do a disservice to history by watering down a man so full of spit and vinegar. He was a man's man, and a ladies' man; these aspects of his character do not invalidate C.C.' S image of him as a kindly old grandpa, by the way. Such divergent qualities can co-exist in one guy.We now know, for example, that Ike, FDR, Kennedy and Lyndon Johnson had mistresses. Winston Churchill started his drinking at breakfast with wine or champagne, then a whiskey and soda soon after. Only the most obtuse Puritanical numskull would be critical of such foibles.

They only add to the complexities and larger-than-life aspects of each. What, then, is this penchant for watering down Goldwater? He's better neat, or on the rocks, so you can get his full flavor. 'Mommy talked me into visiting one of the famous Japanese baths, really a combination of Turkish bath and a rubdown by a girl,' stated Goldwater. 'I was kind of shook up at first when this nice young thing in shorts ushered me into a dressing room and indicated that I should remove my clothes, which I did down to my shorts. And when she indicated that I should also remove those, I kind of reddened in the face. The last time that happened to me there was a brass bed in the room and it cost me two dollars.'

In his 1988 autobiography Goldwater, the senator describes a loose, carefree organization that he and wife Peggy belonged to with three other couples called 'The Grand Canyon Hiking, Singing and Loving Club.' During outings at different Grand Canyon lodges in the '40s, '50s and '60s, the couples would party, tell dirty jokes, drink and generally raise Cain.Their 18th canyon excursion in 1966, as described by Goldwater, sounds like a real doozie. Goldwater went to bed early only to be awakened by a drunken cohort playing 'Taps' over and over.

Another pal was 'pounding out whorehouse piano,' with others singing. Friend Ollie Carey, wife of the actor Harry Carey, was 'spread-eagled on the floor, passed out with a stale cigarette butt between her lips.' Goldwater finally addressed his fellow sybarites with this admonition: 'All right, you've finished the hiking and singing. Now go to bed and make love!'

These seem hardly the activities of some free-love, wife-swapping organization, though the title could fool you. More intriguing is the suggestion in C. David Heymann's The Georgetown Ladies' Social Club, a gossipy 2003 tell-all about D.C. Wives, that Goldwater may have been in love with Bette Quinn, wife of his close friend, Army General William 'Buffalo Bill' Quinn, and mother of reporter/socialite Sally Quinn, who is married to former Washington Post executive editor Benjamin Bradlee. After wife Peggy left D.C. For health reasons, Goldwater basically moved in with the Quinns, traveling and going to parties with them.

Heymann quotes Goldwater biographer Robert Alan Goldberg as admitting that he was privy to letters from Peggy to Barry admonishing the latter about the relationship. Goldberg, who omitted info on the affair from his 1995 Yale University Press bio Barry Goldwater, claims General Quinn let him listen to a tape-recording of Goldwater reading love poetry — reputedly to Bette Quinn — with 'Moon River' playing in the background. Goldberg states that Goldwater and Bette Quinn 'were in constant communication' and 'had a very, very close, intimate relationship that was a matter of common knowledge.' Reached by phone in Washington, Sally Quinn was characteristically matter-of-fact.' Oh, right, that was a rumor that went around a lot in the old days,' says Quinn. 'I think just because he lived in the same apartment with them.

And so, people started talking about it. All I can say is, if it's true, I don't know about it.' Don't crap where you nap. That's advice Goldwater offered his son Barry Jr., which Barry Jr. Recounts in C.C.'

S documentary, one of the few times the film admits that Goldwater may have been worldlier than it otherwise lets on.' When it came to the romantic side of my life, he said, 'Son, keep it out of town,' Barry Jr. Said in C.C.' 'He also told me — if you can't get it by midnight, go to bed.' Asked if he believes his dad stepped out on his mother during their marriage, the former California congressman, who served in the House for 14 years while his father represented Arizona in the Senate, shrugged that he has no idea. 'If he did, he didn't get caught, I know that.' As an aside, it's interesting to note a letter Goldwater wrote to Senator Gary Hart one day after Hart dropped out of the race for the Democratic presidential nomination because of the 1987 Monkey Business scandal, wherein the married Hart's dalliance with model Donna Rice was exposed.Goldwater advised Hart, 'Forget about it, let it blow over as it will.

I am not going to vote for you, but you have my compassion.' Also left untouched by C.C.' S cable flick is the question of Senator Goldwater's abiding enthusiasm for Kentucky firewater, specifically Old Crow bourbon, a relatively cheap bottle of rotgut at which the fancy-pants bourbon connoisseurs of today would likely turn up their noses. Does concede that her grandfather drank, but she almost makes it sound like it was strictly for medicinal purposes.' He would drink a shot of Old Crow now and then,' she admits, then warns, 'but that would be one shot of Old Crow.' Numerous sources, as well as Goldwater's own words, contradict C.C.' S view of the senator as a rather moderate tippler.

Sally Quinn, for instance, categorizes Goldwater's and her father's prodigious thirsts as 'unbelievable.' And she describes watching the C.C. Documentary — in which she appears briefly — with Senator John Warner of Virginia.' John said, 'I went out drinking with the two of them one night, and they just left me on the floor.

They drank me under the table; I couldn't begin to keep up with them,' recounts Quinn, adding, 'It was really amazing. They could drink all night long, and then get up and go to work the next morning and perform just like everybody else.' Goldwater also very publicly came to the defense of his friend and drinking partner Senator John Tower of Texas while Tower was under fire when nominated in 1989 for Secretary of Defense during George Bush senior's presidency. Tower's opponents charged, quite accurately, that he was a boozer and a womanizer.

Goldwater's retort to Tower's critics was telling.' Yeah, he drank; I've had a few with him,' Goldwater said, according to a press report. 'That he chased women? I don't give a damn whether he did or not. If everyone in this town connected with politics had to leave town because of that, and drinking, you'd have no government.' Then retired, the former senator from Arizona was swimming against the tsunami on that one.

The outcry did not dissipate, and Tower's nomination was defeated in the Senate.In a society as hopelessly hooked on rehab as ours, the prevailing prejudice seems to be that if you drink heavily, you're an alcoholic. But couldn't it be that someone just likes to imbibe? Certainly in previous generations, such as Goldwater's, the capacity for consuming vast amounts of liquor dwarfed our own. Growing up in the Wild West, the Sun Belt instead of the Bible Belt, meant hard drinking was practically a way of life. On several occasions, Goldwater proudly described how Prohibition had little effect in Arizona. In Bill McCune's well-rounded 1991 documentary Barry Goldwater: An American Life, Goldwater relates how he used to make beer for his father in spite of the 18th Amendment to the Constitution.

In his '79 memoir With No Apologies, he explains, 'When Prohibition became the law of the land, my father bought the bar, the back bar, and the brass foot rail of his favorite saloon and had them installed in the basement of our house. The country went dry, but that bar was always wet.' The passions of Barry's father, Baron, were card games and cocktails, and Barry's mother Josephine drank until she died at 94, 'from too much of the brown stuff,' opined Barry with a grin in the McCune doc.In his '88 tome, Goldwater offered that his mom told him and his siblings that cigarettes and coffee would stunt their growth. 'The three of us have always said we were lucky she didn't say anything about booze,' he adds mischievously.Family friend John Dean of Watergate fame sees the senator's alcohol consumption in generational terms. For those who had endured the Great Depression and World War II, liquor was the sine qua non of existence.' Barry Goldwater was of a generation, not unlike my own father, where that was just part of their lives,' asserts Dean, who knew the senator through his boyhood chum Barry Jr. 'They drank at lunch, and went back to work.

They drank in the evening when they came home. And when they got into parties, they had hollow legs.' Bourbon was what men drank, and Goldwater preferred it to champagne.

He even tells a story in one of his letters of how a reception at the Nixon White House was made more bearable because the waiter filled his champagne flute with sippin' whiskey instead of bubbly. Fess Parker, the iconic, coonskin-cap-wearin' actor known for his roles as Daniel Boone and Davy Crockett, met Goldwater while doing research in D.C. For the TV version of Mr.

Smith Goes to Washington. These days, Parker's also known for the award-winning wines of his central California winery. And he recalls seeing Goldwater at various social functions both before and after the senator's run for the presidency in 1964. Like the time he ran into Goldwater at the Kentucky Derby, home of mint juleps, which are, of course, made with bourbon.' One of the nights that I saw him, he had a little too much and was asleep on the couch,' chortles Parker, who supported Goldwater against LBJ in '64.

'I think he had a long day at the track, had a couple of those mint juleps, and sang, 'My Old Kentucky Home.' 'There was a bar in Goldwater's Senate office, with a bottle of Old Crow always on hand, naturally. But in his later years, his drinking habits, which expanded to tequila, did get him into a little trouble. In 1976, he had an artificial hip inserted, and it's been suggested that he dealt with the pain, in part, by drinking.

Lee Edwards, a very sympathetic biographer writing for right-wing Regnery Publishing, points out in his book Goldwater: The Man Who Made a Revolution that 'Senators and government officials soon learned that the earlier in the day they did business with the senator the better.' Fellow Republican John Conlan, running in the '76 Republican primary for Senate, took a cheap shot at the old warhorse after Goldwater endorsed Conlan's primary opponent, Congressman Sam Steiger. In Dennis DeConcini's soon-to-be-released memoir Senator Dennis DeConcini: From the Center of the Aisle, he recounts that Conlan told the Washington press corps, 'I don't know what it is with Barry. Maybe it's the pain from his hip operation. Maybe it's the drinking he's been doing.' Goldwater denounced Conlan, Conlan lost to Steiger, and Democrat DeConcini whipped Steiger in the general election.

'I don't know if I've ever seen him drunk,' says Barry Jr., who, when he was young, mostly saw his dad when he wasn't in D.C., and after that, sporadically. 'Certainly not fall-down drunk. I've seen him kind of high.

He was a happy drunk, if you had to categorize him. The only time I saw him drink was at night.

He'd have a couple of Old Crows and go to bed.' Another omission in the HBO documentary is Senator Goldwater's connections to various mobsters, and those who had dealings with them. Many of these associations have been well-documented before, first in 1963 in Ed Reid and Ovid Demaris' classic account of mob influence in Vegas, The Green Felt Jungle, and later in the now-famous Arizona Project, a series of articles by members of the Investigative Reporters and Editors organization detailing the influence of organized crime here.

The latter was brought on by the execution of Arizona Republic reporter Don Bolles in 1976, and it raised the ethics bar for all politicians when it came to dealing with their shadier constituents.Many of the facts were undisputed by Goldwater himself, though he definitely disputed the suggestion that he was 'tied' to organized crime. Goldwater was friendly with mobster Gus Greenbaum, who took over the management of Las Vegas' Flamingo Hotel after the 1947 assassination of Bugsy Siegel in Beverly Hills. Greenbaum took the Flamingo out of the red into the black, and later went on to successfully manage the Riviera. But when Greenbaum, a lieutenant of Meyer Lansky's, began skimming more than his allotted share, his days were numbered. On December 3, 1958, both he and his wife's corpses were discovered in their Phoenix home, their throats slashed with a butcher knife from their own kitchen. Goldwater attended Greenbaum's funeral, a gesture that boggles the mind almost 50 years later.

Can you imagine, for instance, Senator John McCain attending the funeral of Salvatore 'Sammy the Bull' Gravano (even if he knew Gravano), whenever that occurs? This was Goldwater's rationalization in his '88 memoir:'Greenbaum had operated a Phoenix grocery store before taking over a Las Vegas casino.

We'd met him at various civic functions. He was, after all, a local resident.' It's true that Goldwater didn't need the mob. He was by then an icon in Arizona. But he was not above giving or taking favors, monetary or otherwise, from his underworld amigos. For instance, he was Greenbaum's guest in Vegas, where he was known as 'a real swinger,' according to the Reid/Demaris book. And Greenbaum donated lots of money to Harry Rosenzweig, in support of the 1949 Charter Government ticket, of which Goldwater was a part.

Interestingly, the Valley National Bank, of which Goldwater's brother Bob was a director, helped finance the Flamingo's construction.The senator was also acquainted with 'Fat Willie' Bioff, who lived in Phoenix under the name William Nelson, though people knew who he really was: a mobster from L.A. Who busted unions for the Hollywood studios, testified against members of the Capone gang, then relocated to Arizona, eventually going to work for Gus Greenbaum at the Flamingo. Goldwater gave Bioff and his wife a ride back to Phoenix from Las Vegas in the senator's private plane once. And Bioff, a Goldwater admirer, donated $5,000 to Goldwater's first Senate campaign through Harry Rosenzweig, and also lent Rosenzweig 10 grand at one point before six sticks of dynamite exploded beneath Bioff's new pickup truck with him in it in 1955 — a little present from those Bioff ratted out, perhaps. Here, too, Goldwater attended the funeral, oblivious to any negative assumptions. 'I don't think it was abnormal for Senator Goldwater, or his senior colleague Senator Carl Hayden, to have come in contact with so-called nefarious characters,' asserts Jack August, director of the Arizona Historical Foundation and author of Vision in the Desert: Carl Hayden and Hydropolitics in the American Southwest.

'Was money good money or bad money — who really knows? Campaign finance laws were so much looser then.'

August warns against applying the standards of today to a half-century ago. These contacts did cause Goldwater some grief, especially after the publication of The Green Felt Jungle, but it was really the Arizona Project that changed the way the mob was viewed in Arizona.Goldwater was concerned enough by the Arizona Project to keep an extensive file of news clippings and notes on its activities, and he commissioned at least one poll on the subject, which concluded that his base of support in the state had not been eroded by the IRE's linking him to a rogues' gallery of hoods.He was associated with other underworld figures besides Greenbaum and Bioff. In 1971, Goldwater signed a letter written on his official stationery endorsing a land-fraud scheme concocted by wheeler-dealer Ned 'the Godfather' Warren, though Goldwater later denied any knowledge of Warren or the scheme. There was the revelation that Goldwater had interceded on behalf of convicted gambling boss Clarence Newman, who also happened to be an old Goldwater pal, to help him secure better prison digs. And Goldwater's best friend, jeweler and Arizona GOP Chairman Rosenzweig, was linked to prostitution and gambling. Unsavory charges also surfaced concerning Goldwater's brother Bob, and the stake he held in the Arrowhead Ranch citrus groves, though this wasn't really an organized crime connection. IRE reporters discovered that illegal aliens were used as labor, paid substandard wages and kept in primitive conditions.

Border Patrol raids on the groves regularly netted illegals working there. When a United Farm Workers member confronted Senator Goldwater about the aliens used on his brother's farm, Goldwater's response was stinging.' My brother is over 21, and he knows what he's doing,' Goldwater's quoted as saying in a 1977 New West article. 'If you people Mexican-Americans would get off your butts and go to work, he wouldn't have to hire Mexican nationals.' There's no reason to believe that Goldwater was in any way connected to the murder of Don Bolles, but Bolles' killer, John Adamson, lured Bolles to the Clarendon Hotel on the fateful day of June 2, 1976, with a bogus tale regarding Goldwater corruption. And speculation concerning Goldwater's involvement was so intense following the slaying that the senator was forced to issue a statement on June 15 denying any link to Bolles' murder or to the mob in general.However, Goldwater did know Phoenix attorney Neal Roberts, a pal of John Adamson's, who met with Adamson immediately before and shortly after the bomb beneath Bolles' car exploded and fatally wounded the reporter in the Clarendon parking lot.

Roberts' ex-wife alleged that she overheard a telephone conversation between Roberts and Goldwater, with Goldwater stating, 'What the hell's going on, how far is this going to go, and how much is it going to cost to shut people up?' Phoenix police questioned Goldwater about this phone confab, and Goldwater said it was bullshit.

End of story? This was one of the topics tackled by New Times staff writer Paul Rubin in a 10-year anniversary opus on the Bolles killing that ran in 1986. Rubin's reporting uncovered the fact that the Phoenix Police Department conveniently buried a file on Goldwater that might have explained the connection between Roberts and Goldwater. The implication was not that Goldwater had something to do with Bolles' demise, but that he and Roberts were involved in other activities that they didn't want divulged.About Goldwater's unsavory contacts, real and possibly imagined, ASU's August says they made him seem all the more daring: 'At the time for him, they were something that made people admire him. He was his own man, he was not cut of the same political cloth as the others. He wasn't careful. He was this dashing, outdoorsy, flamboyant guy.

And part of his flamboyance were these associations.' Goldwater's flamboyance extended far beyond his knowing racketeers, but C.C.'

S film only scratches the surface of this sometimes just plain wacky part of her grandfather's persona. His passions for photography, airplanes, Native Americans and ham radio are all touched upon, but she didn't get into Goldwater's admitting to smoking pot, once visiting with gun-toting Black Panthers in D.C.' S toughest 'hood, and believing in UFOs. Or that he was an inveterate practical joker, and was practiced at the art of cracking a one-liner. Regarding his sense of humor, C.C. Does document the fallout from Goldwater's encouraging all good Christians to kick the Reverend Jerry Falwell in the hindquarters — this over Falwell's opposition to Sandra Day O'Connor's Supreme Court nomination. But better at revealing the ribald and funny side of Goldwater is Bill McCune's documentary, which includes some great clips from Goldwater's TV appearances.

On The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson, back when the show was in black-and-white, Goldwater comments on the fact that a member of the band had been in the Army Air Corps with Goldwater.' He and I were in the ferry command, and don't misunderstand it,' quipped Goldwater, straight-faced.Also on Carson, he gave a tongue-in-cheek analysis of then-vice president Hubert Humphrey, a bud of Goldwater's despite Humphrey's being a Democrat.'

He talks so fast,' Goldwater dryly observed. 'I said, 'You know, Hubert, sitting there trying to listen to you reminds me of trying to read Playboy magazine with my wife turning the pages.' 'Later on in years, he appeared on The Tonight Show With Jay Leno and proclaimed, 'I'm getting a tattoo of a lipstick pucker right on my ass.'

Another Goldwater bon mot of unknown origin: 'Sex and politics are a lot alike. You don't have to be any good at them to enjoy them.' The McCune film also has a terrific clip of Goldwater on Dinah Shore's program, with Goldwater accompanying songstress Shore by making trombone-like noises into his hand. According to Judy and Earl Eisenhower (Earl is the late president's nephew), both long-serving members of the senator's staff, Goldwater also once rode a motorcycle onto Shore's show that he had made himself from a mail-order kit.Goldwater also loved to pull pranks or do something outlandish for laughs.' We were in Mexico for Christmas, and dad was touting the blessings of peanut butter,' recalls Michael Goldwater. 'One of us said, 'Well, you can't shave with it,' and he said, 'Yes, you can.' He smelled like elephant breath for the rest of the day.'

Then there's the famous story about the 18th hole at the Phoenix Open.' He was in charge of the microphone, you know, announcing players going off to tee,' relates Michael. 'Weeks before when they reseeded the green on the 18th hole, he ran a wire and a speaker to the location the hole would be on the final day. And the story is that Sam Snead reached down to pick his ball out of the hole, and dad said over the microphone, 'Get your hand off my balls!' Scared the hell out of Sam.'

A similar rib-tickler appeared in Goldwater's '88 memoir, in which the senator explains how he rigged a device in the toilet bowl of the guest bathroom of his home, so that when someone sat down, it triggered a recording of his voice that carped, 'Hi, Honey. How ya doin'?

Can I be of any help?' Family friend John Dean, who's currently working on a book with Barry Jr. About the senator tentatively titled Pure Goldwater, tells of how Goldy's dresser drawers were full of 'antsy pants,' gag boxer shorts with big red ants all over them that Goldwater had developed for the Goldwater department stores. Dean was a classmate of Barry Jr.' S at Staunton Military Academy in Virginia, and often visited the senator's D.C.

Apartment, where Dean was the butt of at least one Goldwater gag.' I was having a snack at the senator's apartment with Barry Jr.,' remembers Dean, chuckling. 'The senator said, 'Son, give John one of those peppers there, he'll like those.' So I bit down on this goddamn pepper, and it was like fire. The senator just roared when I reacted. Brought tears to my eyes. Didn't give me a hint of what I was getting into.'

Goldwater's sense of humor was ribald, often crude. Like that of a back-slapping traveling salesman. During her appearance on Jon Stewart's The Daily Show to promote the HBO special, C.C. Acknowledged as much, talking about how grandpa liked to pull the classic 'pull my finger' joke on her. The fart joke never made it into her film.Nor did C.C.

Have much time for the nutty, boyish side of her grandfather, which seems so much more interesting than the tales of teary-eyed staffers and offspring. Once again, McCune captured more of this in his flick, like the time Goldwater was asked by a reporter of his interest in flying saucers, and he replied, 'I'd like to see one sometime — sober.' More than just joking about it, Goldwater told Larry King in 1988 that he believed the U.S. Government was withholding information on UFOs from the American people and their elected representatives. He informed King that he'd once attempted to gain access to the room at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base where the Air Force had supposedly collected UFO evidence, and maybe even the bodies of aliens who crash-landed in the Roswell incident.

But when he asked his friend USAF General Curtis LeMay to help, LeMay gruffly advised him to 'go to hell.' Goldwater's interest in extraterrestrial visitors persisted, and there are some oddball docs saved in the Goldwater files at the Arizona Historical Foundation, including some sent to Goldwater purporting to be once top-secret memos on Operation Majestic 12, an alleged super-secret committee looking into flying saucers. There are additional nutty documents suggesting that alien visitations are connected to the discovery of the Earth's hollowness, an inner world one can enter through the North Pole called the Enchanted Continent. There's no indication of why Goldwater retained these daft dossiers. Maybe he just forgot to throw them out.But then, Goldwater was open to new ideas and experiences, including a lil' wacky weed. George Seitts, a legislative aide to Goldwater in his youth and currently director of the Arizona Department of Weights and Measures, says the senator admitted to a flock of pages that he'd tried marijuana in his youth, but that it didn't do much for him.

Goldwater speechwriter Karl Hess — an iconoclast, welder and eventual hippie — mentions in his autobiography Mostly on the Edge how Goldwater caught him smoking hash in the Goldwater guest house at Be-nun-i-kin (Navajo for 'house on top of hill'), the senator's Paradise Valley home.' The senator, coming into the pool house one day, smelled the fragrance of hashish smoke, and smiling, said, 'I recognize that,' wrote Hess. 'It was then that he explained the popularity of marijuana and its derivatives among old-time Arizona cowboys.' Among Seitts' many stories is how in the early '70s he drove Goldwater to find Hess, who was then in the rough Adams Morgan district of D.C. Dressed in silk suits, Seitts and Goldwater entered a rickety building in the neighborhood guarded by Black Panthers, rifles in their arms, their chests crisscrossed with bandoleers.'

I'm thinking, 'We're not going to get out of here alive,' says Seitts. 'So we go up this dark hallway, to this room, and there's Karl. The senator says, 'What the hell you doin' here?'

Typical Goldwater. Then he sits down with Karl, and they're chitchattin'. And Karl says, 'Let me take you upstairs.' On the roof of the ghetto dwelling were huge fiberglass tanks filled with rainbow trout that Hess, with the help of the Panthers, was growing as some sort of idealistic, develop-your-own technologies project meant to revitalize the inner city. Hess, it should be noted, was the fellow responsible for adding the famous Cicero quote to Goldwater's 1964 Cow Palace speech, where he said, 'Extremism in defense of liberty is no vice.' Goldwater remained fond of Hess, long after Hess had done a 180 and gone over to the New Left. In the Goldwater files at the Foundation, there's a clipping of Hess looking like Che Guevara, apparently passed on to Goldwater from Senator Strom Thurmond of South Carolina, with the note, 'Barry, what has happened to Hess?

Seems whether you were a radical liberal or a mobster, if Goldwater liked you, you were a friend for life.Seitts can regale listeners with accounts of driving Goldwater's sports cars, whether it was the '63 Corvette Stingray in Phoenix, or his AMX car in D.C., both with dashboards tricked out with a ham radio, car-phone equipment and aeronautical dials and gewgaws. It's well-known that Goldwater was a pilot who insisted on flying the government's most advanced aircraft even as an old man. And Seitts has stories of coming in on a Saturday to help Goldy install a ham radio antenna atop the Senate office building in defiance of security personnel.Tantalizing is the tale of how Goldwater was ready to support Colin Powell in the 1996 GOP presidential primary over Bob Dole, until the point Powell declined to run. Seitts explains that Goldwater was the titular head of Dole's Arizona forces. Dole had no idea he was looking for another horse to bet on.

Goldwater was full of surprises, and more mercurial than the C.C. Documentary describes. She makes the point that Goldwater's later stands on abortion and gay rights were in keeping with his libertarian philosophy of limited government.

There's something to that, but Goldwater did not quite agitate for African-Americans in the same manner that he did for gays in his later years. Yes, Goldwater was influential in desegregating the Phoenix municipal airport, and the Arizona Air National Guard, but he wasn't as outspoken on the issue of racial equality as he was about gays in the military after he left the Senate.Times changed, and to his credit, so did he. As biographer Robert Alan Goldberg points out, when Goldwater was president of the Phoenix Country Club during 1959-60, he forced the club to accept his crony Harry Rosenzweig, over objections that Rosenzweig was Jewish and Jews weren't allowed as members. But thereafter, he never pushed the Board of Directors to change its policy toward Jews, though Goldwater himself was half-Jewish. No more Jews were admitted for another 10 years, and, as Goldberg pointed out, 'Blacks and Hispanics would have to wait even longer.' But when it came time to protecting the rights of a different minority — homosexuals — he didn't hold back.C.C.

Goldwater (who was born Ross, not Goldwater, changing her name sometime in her 20s) candy-coats her grandfather's legacy with a treacly touch, and attempts to make him seem almost faultless. The only flaw she seems to find in his character is that he wasn't demonstrative enough toward his family. Of course, that didn't stop certain family members from nagging him for cash, a state of affairs that plays out through letters Goldwater wrote to his children as they grew older.

Writing in the '88 memoir, Goldwater states about his eldest children, Barry Jr. And Joanne, 'The greatest difference between us is our attitude toward money and material things. I have always viewed money as a necessity. The two of them see owning money as an accomplishment in itself, an end.' He finished the thought with a terse, 'I'm fed up with money talk.' A sore spot was always Goldwater's mother's financial trust, of which he was the trustee. There's no indication of how much was in the trust, but its assets must have been sizable.

Goldwater family members, especially Joanne, pestered him about it until his death. As late as 1995, Joanne was still at it.' We have beat the old 'trust' horse to death, and you have steadfastly said you will not break your mother's trust,' Joanne wrote. 'I have never understood fully why you are so adamant on the subject.' Goldwater responded shortly afterward with another refusal.'

It the trust continues till I die,' he told her. 'Then you kids can fight it out.' The level of Goldwater's frustration is evident in letter after letter. In 1991, he griped to one associate, 'I don't know how the hell I can keep my children from spending money they don't have, and I don't have, unless I somehow can shoot all of them.' Was a particular source of worry.

In 1983, the former congressman was the target of a Justice Department probe into drug use on Capitol Hill. The department concluded that there was 'insufficient admissible, credible evidence to support criminal charges.' But later that same year, a House ethics committee inquiry found that there was 'substantial evidence' that Barry Jr. And two other former congressmen had used cocaine and other illicit substances. Apparently the problem got worse, and in 1990, according to correspondence on file at the Arizona Historical Foundation, the family did an intervention, and Barry Jr.

Entered the Meadows in Wickenburg for rehabilitation.He had fallen far. When he arrived in D.C. In 1969, having just turned 31, Washington press touted him as D.C.' S most eligible bachelor. Young and handsome, he dated Tricia Nixon briefly, and enjoyed the attentions of numerous wanna-be Mrs.

He was a workaholic in Congress, and toiled on significant legislation regarding privacy and other issues. But the devil was in the white powder, and it brought him down. After his stay in the Meadows, he had trouble getting back on his feet, even with his dad's regular contributions to his well-being.' I do hope you're able to get some kind of job,' suggests the elder Goldwater. 'I don't give a damn if it's just digging ditches, something that will require your setting a schedule, and getting it done, the money will take care of itself.'

None of this was included in C.C.' Nor was there anything about the manner in which many of the Goldwater offspring tried to turn a buck off the name, no matter how tawdry the effort.

Goldwater admonished them all at one point that he would write no more letters of recommendation, nor meet with someone just because one of the kids or grandkids sends them his way. With his blessing, some of the children started Goldwater's Foods, hawking salsas and the senator's chili. Got her claim in, too, first as an aspiring actress and model, then with her own PR firm called the 'Goldwater Group.'

Penned several letters over the years trying to involve her 'Paka' in various schemes, from a proposed talk show with C.C. As the host to a 'Gourmet Gala' for the March of Dimes. Often the senator seemed to just shine her on, other times he'd gently admonish her. After all, he was her grandfather. But that didn't mean he'd go along with every idea.'

You see, we can't just use our names as Senators to endorse this, that or anything,' Goldwater wrote her in 1980, this time concerning some deal involving Taiwan. 'I just can't do what you have asked me to do, but I wish you the best of luck.'

There's something sad about all this, the way this larger-than-life figure ends up getting pecked at over money and the use of the Goldwater imprimatur by family members. With every jar of salsa sold, every dorky nephew like Don Goldwater running for office with little to recommend him, the currency is further devalued. Unlike the Old Man, his progeny, for the most part, seem to have had a tough time making a name for themselves.Some might argue that Goldwater did the same thing when he became a politician, banking on the rep of his family's stores. But he actually expanded the influence and reputation of the Goldwater name. When people now think of Goldwater, they think of Senator Barry M. Goldwater, the guy who ran for president, was called a warmonger, lost, but continued on as the conscience of the Republican Party.

The children, for the most part, were not happy about his second marriage in 1992 to then-Susan Wechsler, now Susan Goldwater-Levine. Both Mike and daughter Peggy told New Times that at the time, they wanted their dad to just live with Susan, who came to know the senator as his nurse. According to Goldwater's lawyer Bill Quinn (son of General William Quinn), charges of gold-digging were made by some of the kids, even though Goldwater had his second wife sign a prenuptial agreement.Reached for comment, Goldwater-Levine declined to discuss her life with the legendary Arizonan, but she did say she was not upset at all over being left out of C.C.' S documentary. Skips over Goldwater-Levine entirely, as if her years with the senator, who died in 1998, did not even occur.

It's one of the more unusual lapses, especially considering that some Republicans believed she had a Svengali-like influence over the aged pol, a claim addressed in the Lee Edwards biography. Some argue she influenced Goldwater's swing to the left in his later years, and while that seems unlikely, it certainly would have been worth examining for a few minutes in a 90-minute biodoc.To be fair, C.C.'

S documentary has revived Barry Goldwater as a figure to be reexamined. But her Goldwater is a rather staid figure, when he was in reality so much more. The real Goldwater hobnobbed with hoods, drank with John Wayne, and was loved by the ladies. Yes, he drank in excess, probably indulged in infidelity, cussed like a pirate, rarely went to church, and could be an ornery old goat at times. But that's the way we like him, unvarnished, uncouth and uncut. That's much of his appeal now, as it was in decades past.